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Kth smallest in a row-sorted matrix

Asked at DE Shaw, Optiver

You are given an n x n matrix whose every row is sorted in ascending order (and, in the classic version, every column too). Return the k-th smallest element in the whole matrix, counting duplicates.

matrix = [[ 1,  5,  9],
          [10, 11, 13],
          [12, 13, 15]]
k = 8   ->   13

Aim for O(klogn)O(k \log n) time and O(n)O(n) memory.

Your answer

This one is open-ended. Work it through, then check your reasoning against the full solution.

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